Atrophy of the cholinergic regions advances from early to late mild cognitive impairment.

PURPOSE: We investigated the volumetric changes in the components of the cholinergic pathway for patients with early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI) and those with late mild cognitive impairment (LMCI). The effect of patients' apolipoprotein 4 (APOE-ε4) allele status on the structural changes were analyzed. METHODS: Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were collected. Patients' demographic information, plasma data, and validated global cognitive composite scores were included. Relevant features were extracted for constructing machine learning models to differentiate between EMCI (n = 312) and LMCI (n = 541) and predict patients' neurocognitive function. The data were analyzed primarily through one-way analysis of variance and two-way analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Considerable differences were observed in cholinergic structural changes between patients with EMCI and LMCI. Cholinergic atrophy was more prominent in the LMCI cohort than in the EMCI cohort (P < 0.05 family-wise error corrected). APOE-ε4 differentially affected cholinergic atrophy in the LMCI and EMCI cohorts. For LMCI cohort, APOE-ε4 carriers exhibited increased brain atrophy (left amygdala: P = 0.001; right amygdala: P = 0.006, and right Ch123, P = 0.032). EMCI and LCMI patients showed distinctive associations of gray matter volumes in cholinergic regions with executive (R2 = 0.063 and 0.030 for EMCI and LMCI, respectively) and language (R2 = 0.095 and 0.042 for EMCI and LMCI, respectively) function. CONCLUSIONS: Our data confirmed significant cholinergic atrophy differences between early and late stages of mild cognitive impairment. The impact of the APOE-ε4 allele on cholinergic atrophy varied between the LMCI and EMCI groups.

Lenvatinib Suppresses Protein Kinase B Signaling and Induces Apoptosis in Osteosarcoma Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Lenvatinib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, has demonstrated promising activity in patients with osteosarcoma (OS). Therefore, it is worth exploring the inhibitory efficacy and mechanism of action of lenvatinib in osteosarcoma. The primary goal of this study was to examine the inhibitory effectiveness and mechanism of lenvatinib on the growth and invasion of OS cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of lenvatinib on cell viability, apoptosis, protein kinase B (AKT) activation, its downstream effector proteins involved in tumor progression, and invasion capability were assessed using MTT assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and invasion/migration assay on U-2 OS and MG63 cells. RESULTS: Lenvatinib effectively induced cytotoxicity, apoptosis, as well as extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling in OS cells. Lenvatinib also significantly decreased the invasion/migration capability, AKT activation, and downstream effector proteins. CONCLUSION: The anti-OS effect of lenvatinib may be associated with the induction of apoptosis and the inactivation of AKT.

Interplay between lncRNA RP11-367G18.1 variant 2 and YY1 plays a vital role in hypoxia-mediated gene expression and tumorigenesis.

BACKGROUND: The hypoxia-responsive long non-coding RNA, RP11-367G18.1, has recently been reported to induce histone 4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16Ac) through its variant 2; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains poorly understood. METHODS: RNA pull-down assay and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry were performed to identify RP11-367G18.1 variant 2-binding partner. The molecular events were examined utilizing western blot analysis, real-time PCR, luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and chromatin isolation by RNA purification assays. The migration, invasion, soft agar colony formation, and in vivo xenograft experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of RP11-367G18.1 variant 2-YY1 complex on tumor progression. RESULTS: In this study, RNA sequencing data revealed that hypoxia and RP11-367G18.1 variant 2 co-regulated genes were enriched in tumor-related pathways. YY1 was identified as an RP11-367G18.1 variant 2-binding partner that activates the H4K16Ac mark. YY1 was upregulated under hypoxic conditions and served as a target gene for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. RP11-367G18.1 variant 2 colocalized with YY1 and H4K16Ac in the nucleus under hypoxic conditions. Head and neck cancer tissues had higher levels of RP11-367G18.1 and YY1 which were associated with poor patient outcomes. RP11-367G18.1 variant 2-YY1 complex contributes to hypoxia-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell migration, invasion, and tumorigenicity. YY1 regulated hypoxia-induced genes dependent on RP11-367G18.1 variant 2. CONCLUSIONS: RP11-367G18.1 variant 2-YY1 complex mediates the tumor-promoting effects of hypoxia, suggesting that this complex can be targeted as a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.

Clinical Effect of Moisturized Skin Care on Radiation Dermatitis of Head and Neck Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Radiation therapy (RT) for head and neck cancer may cause severe radiation dermatitis (RD) resulting in RT interruption and affecting disease control. A few studies address skin moisture changes during RT for head and neck cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of moisturized skin care (MSC) on severity of RD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study includes newly diagnosed head and neck cancer patients undergoing RT. Participants were divided into MSC group and routine skin care (RSC) group based on patient's preferred decision. Skin moisture in the four quadrants of the neck was measured weekly before and after RT. RD was assessed with the Radiation Induced Skin Reaction Assessment Scale (RISRAS) and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) acute skin toxicity grading criteria. RESULTS: A total of 54 patients were enrolled, of which 49 patients were suitable for the statistical analysis. There was a statistically significant difference in the RISRAS total score since the 5th week after RT between the groups. The severity of RD was less (B=0.814, p=0.021) and the onset was later (B=-0.384, p=0.006) in the MSC group when compared to the RSC group. Skin moisture decreased with cumulative radiation dose. In the upper neck, the MSC group had a slower rate of skin moisture decrease compared to the RSC group (right upper neck: B=0.935, p=0.007; left upper neck: B=0.93, p=0.018). CONCLUSION: MSC can effectively reduce the severity and delay the onset of RD, while slows down skin moisture decrease during RT.

Unlocking Synergistic Potential: Enhancing Regorafenib Efficacy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through Combination Therapy With 18ß-Glycyrrhetinic Acid.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Regorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, has shown promise in HCC treatment; however, its efficacy can be enhanced by combining it with other agents. 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid (18ß-gly) is a natural compound with potential anti-cancer properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The toxicity and mechanism of regorafenib and 18ß-gly was assessed on Hep3B cells, Huh7 cells, and Hep3B bearing animal model. RESULTS: The combination of regorafenib and 18ß-gly exhibited synergistic toxicity in HCC cells and animal model. Importantly, no significant differences in body weight or major tissue damage were observed after treatment with the combination of two drugs. Furthermore, the combination treatment modulated apoptosis-related markers and the mTOR signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: The study provides evidence for the synergistic effect of 18ß-gly and regorafenib in a HCC model. The combination treatment modulated apoptosis-related markers and the mTOR signaling pathway, highlighting potential mechanisms underlying its therapeutic efficacy.

Humanized PD-1 Knock-in Mice Reveal Nivolumab's Inhibitory Effects on Glioblastoma Tumor Progression In Vivo.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Immunotherapy has been considered a promising approach for brain tumor treatment since the discovery of the brain lymphatic system. Glioblastoma (GBM), the most aggressive type of brain tumor, is associated with poor prognosis and a lack of effective treatment options. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To test the efficacy of human anti-PD-1, we used a humanized PD-1 knock-in mouse to establish an orthotopic GBM-bearing model. RESULTS: Nivolumab, a human anti-PD-1, effectively inhibited tumor growth, increased the survival rate of mice, enhanced the accumulation and function of cytotoxic T cells, reduced the accumulation and function of immunosuppressive cells and their related factors, and did not induce tissue damage or biochemical changes. The treatment also induced the accumulation and activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, while reducing the accumulation and activation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, and tumor-associated macrophages in the immune microenvironment. CONCLUSION: Nivolumab has the potential to be a treatment for GBM.

Imipramine Suppresses Tumor Growth and Induces Apoptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Targeting Multiple Processes and Signaling Pathways.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has limited treatment options. This study investigated imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, as a potential therapy for OSCC using a SAS-bearing xenograft animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The SAS-bearing xenograft model evaluated imipramine's impact on tumor growth. The control group received no treatment, while the imipramine-treated group received regular doses. Tumor growth, confirmed by imaging, and histological analysis assessed size and weight. Imipramine's effects on apoptosis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and transcription factors (AKT, ERK, STAT3) were analyzed. RESULTS: Imipramine significantly suppressed tumor growth within 6 days of treatment, with sustained activity. Computer tomography (CT) scans and histology confirmed reduced size and weight by imipramine. Imipramine induced apoptosis via caspase-dependent/-independent pathways, inhibited EMT, and down-regulated phosphorylated AKT, ERK, and STAT3. CONCLUSION: Imipramine shows promise as an effective OSCC therapy, inhibiting tumor growth, inducing apoptosis, and inhibiting EMT. Its impact on transcription factors and modulation of the AKT/ERK/STAT3 pathway suggest a multifaceted approach.

Unveiling nature's potential weapon: Magnolol's role in combating bladder cancer by upregulating the miR-124 and inactivating PKC-δ/ERK axis.

BACKGROUND: Bladder cancer (BC) is a challenging disease to manage. Researchers have been investigating the potential of magnolol, a compound derived from Magnolia officinalis, as an anti-cancer agent. However, the exact regulatory mechanism of magnolol and its impact on the NF-κB signaling pathway in BC remain unclear. MATERIALS: To comprehensively evaluate its therapeutic potential, the researchers conducted a series of experiments using BC cell lines (TSGH8301, T24, and MB49) and in vivo animal models. RESULTS: The results of the study demonstrated that magnolol exhibits cytotoxic effects on BC cells by activating both the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways. Additionally, the expression of anti-apoptotic genes was downregulated by magnolol treatment. The researchers also uncovered the regulatory role of PKCδ/ERK and miR-124-3p in the NF-κB pathway, which may be influenced by magnolol. Treatment with magnolol led to the inactivation of PKCδ/ERK and an increase in miR-124-3p expression, effectively inhibiting NF-κB-mediated progression of BC. Importantly, the administration of magnolol did not result in significant toxicity in normal tissues, highlighting its potential as a safe adjunctive therapy with minimal adverse effects. CONCLUSION: These findings position magnolol as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of BC. By activating apoptosis signaling pathways and inhibiting NF-κB pathway through the upregulation of miR-124-3p and downregulation of PKCδ/ERK activation, magnolol holds promise for suppressing tumor progression and improving patient outcomes in BC. Further research and clinical trials are warranted to explore the full potential of magnolol in the future.

A Novel Isotope-labeled Small Molecule Probe CC12 for Anti-glioma via Suppressing LYN-mediated Progression and Activating Apoptosis Pathways.

Background: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most lethal malignancy in brain, which is surrounded by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which limits the efficacy of standard treatments. Developing an effective drug that can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a critical challenge in the fight against GBM. CC12 (NSC749232) is an anthraquinone tetraheterocyclic homolog with a lipophilic structure that may facilitate penetration of the brain area. Methods: We used temozolomide sensitive and resistance GBM cells and animal model to identify the CC12 delivery, anti-tumor potential and its underlying mechanism. Results: Importantly, toxicity triggered by CC12 was not associated with the methyl guanine-DNA methyl transferase (MGMT) methylation status which revealed a greater application potential compared to temozolomide. Alexa F488 cadaverine-labelled CC12 successfully infiltrated into the GBM sphere; in addition, 68Ga-labeled CC12 was also found in the orthotopic GBM area. After passing BBB, CC12 initiated both caspase-dependent intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis pathways and apoptosis-inducing factor, EndoG-related caspase-independent apoptosis signaling in GBM. RNA sequence analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas indicated that LYN was overexpressed in GBM is associated with poorer overall survival. We proved that targeting of LYN by CC12 may diminish GBM progression and suppress it downstream factors such as signal transduction and activator of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)/transcription 3 (STAT3)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB. CC12 was also found to participate in suppressing GBM metastasis and dysregulation of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) through inactivation of the LYN axis. Conclusion: CC12, a newly developed BBB-penetrating drug, was found to possess an anti-GBM capacity via initiating an apoptotic mechanism and disrupting LYN/ERK/STAT3/NF-κB-regulated GBM progression.

Fluoxetine inactivates STAT3/NF-κB signaling and promotes sensitivity to cisplatin in bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer is known as one of the top ten most common cancer types worldwide and can be majorly divided into muscles invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and non-muscles invasive type (NMIBC). However, the prognosis of BC remains poor under standard treatment including radical cystectomy or concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Numerous studies have reported that the prognosis of BC is associated with the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Fluoxetine, a well-known anti-depressant, has been reported to against various type of cancers. However, it is unclear whether fluoxetine has the capacity to inhibit BC progression by targeting STAT3 and NF-κB-mediated signaling. Here, we used cell viability, apoptosis assay, wound healing assay, invasion/migration assay, Western blotting assay, immunofluorescence staining, as well as animal experiments, to elucidate the efficacy of fluoxetine on in vitro and in vivo BC models. We found that fluoxetine may induce cytotoxicity and intrinsic/extrinsic apoptosis in BC and enhance the potential of cisplatin. Fluoxetine promoted both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis signaling by activating caspase-3, 8, 9, apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), and EndG. Furthermore, fluoxetine suppressed invasion and migration ability and the expression of metastasis-associated genes. Fluoxetine was also found to inactivate the phosphorylation of STAT3 (Tyr705) and NF-κB (Ser536) and suppress the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. In MB49-bearing mice, fluoxetine effectively delayed the progression of BC without inducing general toxicity. In summary, the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of invasion triggered by fluoxetine are associated with the inactivation of STAT3 and NF-κB.

Imipramine Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits the Metastatic Potential of Triple-negative Breast Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and deadly subtype of breast cancer, and there is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. The highly metastatic and anti-apoptotic characteristics are known to be the major factors causing uncontrolled growth in TNBC. Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that possesses anti-inflammatory activity and has been reported to inhibit the progression of highly metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study used MTT assay, apoptosis markers flow cytometry analysis, open-source data analysis, NF-B reporter gene assay, and western blotting to elucidate the effect of imipramine on MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 cells. RESULTS: Imipramine induced caspase-mediated extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis and was potentially associated with patient overall survival. Furthermore, imipramine suppressed the invasion and migration abilities and the expression of metastasis-associated proteins in TNBC cells. CONCLUSION: Imipramine effectively suppressed TNBC progression by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting metastasis.

Inactivation of EGFR/ERK/NF-κB signalling associates with radiosensitizing effect of 18ß-glycyrrhetinic acid on progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is recognized as the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of death in Asian population. Studies reported that HCC is relatively insensitive to radiotherapy (RT); thus, considering how to sensitize HCC to RT is worth to be elucidated. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mediated signalling transduction plays the important role in regulating treatment efficacy of HCC. An active compound, 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid (18ß-GA), has been reported to own anti-tumour effect. However, whether 18ß-GA possess RT sensitization ability in HCC remains unclear. Here, we used RNA data from TCGA-LIHC (Liver hepatocellular carcinoma) to identify the role between EGFR/ERK/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling and RT by radiosensitivity index (RSI) analysis. We suggested that patients with activated NF-κB signalling may show resistance to RT treatment, whereas combining 18ß-GA may reinforce RT efficacy in a Hep3B-bearing animal model. 18ß-GA combined with RT showed superior tumour inhibition capacity as compared to monotherapy and even reached similar efficacy as erlotinib combined with RT. Treatment promotion of RT by 18ß-GA in HCC is not only through diminishing RT-induced EGFR/ERK/NF-κB signalling but also promoting RT-induced apoptosis pathways. 18ß-GA may act as radiosensitizer through inactivating EGFR-mediated HCC progression and inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis signalling.

Accessing Apoptosis Induction and Metastasis Inhibition Effect of Magnolol on Triple Negative Breast Cancer In Vitro.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer that still requires improvement in treatment. Magnolol extract, derived from the bark of Magnolia officinalis, has traditionally been used in Asia to treat sleeping disorders and anxiety, and as an anti-inflammatory agent. Several reports have indicated that magnolol may have the potential to inhibit the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma and glioblastoma. However, the anti-tumor effect of magnolol on TNBC remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we used two TNBC cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and 4T1, to examine the cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and metastasis effects of magnolol. These were evaluated using MTT assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, and invasion/migration transwell assay, respectively. RESULTS: Magnolol significantly induced cytotoxicity and extrinsic/intrinsic apoptosis in both TNBC cell lines. It also decreased metastasis and associated protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the anti-tumor effect was associated with the inactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: Magnolol may not only induce cell death in TNBC through apoptosis signaling activation but also by down-regulating EGFR/JAK/STAT3 signaling, which mediates TNBC progression.

Amentoflavone induces caspase-dependent/-independent apoptosis and dysregulates cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated cell cycle in colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is recognized as the third most common malignancy and the second most deadly in highly developed countries. Although the treatment of CRC has improved in the past decade, the mortality rate of CRC is still increasing. Amentoflavone, one of the flavonoids detected in medical plants, is reported to possess potential anticancer properties in various cancers. However, its role in CRC has not been studied. This study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of amentoflavone on CRC in vitro and in vivo. We identified the cytotoxicity, apoptosis effect, cell cycle alteration, DNA damage induction and tumor progression inhibition of amentoflavone in HT-29 model by using MTT assay, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence (IF) staining, Western blotting and animal experiments. Amentoflavone induced cytotoxicity is caused by triggering G1 arrest, DNA damage and apoptosis in HT-29 cells. The expression of cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6 was decreased by amentoflavone; in contrast, the phosphorylation of ATM and CHK2 and the expression of p21 and p27 were increased. The apoptosis induction of amentoflavone in CRC is not only caspase-dependent but also increases EndoG and AIF nuclear translocation in a caspase-independent manner. Importantly, the apoptosis induction of amentoflavone is not affected by the activity of p53 in CRC. Amentoflavone suppressed the progression of CRC by initiating G1 arrest and ATM/CHK2-mediated DNA damage-responsive, caspase-dependent/independent apoptotic effects. We uncovered a novel tumor-inhibitory role of amentoflavone in CRC that is not associated with p53 activity, which may serve as a potential treatment for CRC.

Fluoxetine Inhibits STAT3-mediated Survival and Invasion of Osteosarcoma Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a common primary malignancy of bone in adolescents. Its highly metastatic characteristics can lead to treatment failure and poor prognosis. Although standard treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, have progressed in the past decade, treatment options to overcome metastatic progression remain sparse. Fluoxetine, an anti-depressant, has been widely used in patients with cancer for their mental issues and was reported to possess antitumor potential. However, the effect of fluoxetine on OS remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we used cell viability, invasion/migration transwell, wound-healing and aortic ring assays to identify the effects of fluoxetine on metastasis and progression in OS. RESULTS: Fluoxetine induced cytotoxicity in OS cells by activating both extrinsic/intrinsic apoptosis signaling pathways. Proliferation and anti-apoptosis-related factors such as cyclin D1 and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis were suppressed by fluoxetine. Additionally, fluoxetine suppressed the invasive/migratory abilities of OS and inhibited the development of angiogenesis by reducing the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Metastasis-associated factors, vascular endothelial growth factors, matrix metallopeptidase 2 and -9, were all reduced in OS cells by fluoxetine treatment. CONCLUSION: Fluoxetine not only induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis of OS cells, but also suppresses metastasis and angiogenesis by targeting STAT3.

Hyperforin Suppresses Oncogenic Kinases and Induces Apoptosis in Colorectal Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and protein kinase B (AKT) are essential for malignant transformation and progression in colorectal cancer (CRC) and can be considered as targets for therapeutic interventions. Hyperforin, an active constituent from Hypericum perforatum, has been reported to inhibit inflammation. However, whether hyperforin may suppress CRC progression via inactivation of JAK/STAT3, ERK or AKT signaling remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Human CRC cells were used to identify the treatment efficacy of hyperforin and its underlying mechanisms of action by MTT, flow cytometry, wound healing, and western blotting assays. RESULTS: Hyperforin not only induced cytotoxicity, extrinsic/intrinsic apoptosis signaling, but also suppressed the invasion/migration ability of CRC. The phosphorylation of STAT3, JAK1, ERK and AKT was found to be decreased by hyperforin. CONCLUSION: Hyperforin inactivates multiple oncogenic kinases and induces apoptosis signaling in CRC cells.

Lenvatinib Synergistically Promotes Radiation Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Inhibiting Src/STAT3/NF-κB-Mediated Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Metastasis.

PURPOSE: This study suggested that lenvatinib may incapacitate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to radiation treatment by abrogating radiation-induced Src/signal transducer and the activator of transcription 3 signaling (STAT3)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) to escalate radiation-induced extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis. These findings uncover the role of targeting Src and its arbitrating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which could increase the anti-HCC efficacy of radiation therapy (RT). Lenvatinib and sorafenib are multikinase inhibitors used to treat HCC. Lenvatinib is noninferior to sorafenib in the therapeutic response in HCC. However, whether lenvatinib intensifies the anti-HCC efficacy of RT is ambiguous. Several oncogenic kinases and transcription factors, such as Src, STAT3, and NF-κB, enhance the radiosensitivity of cancers. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the roles of the Src/STAT3/NF-κB axis in HCC after RT treatment and assessed whether targeting Src by lenvatinib may enhance the effectiveness of RT. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Hep3B, Huh7, HepG2, and SK-Hep1 HCC cells and 2 types of animal models were used to identify the efficacy of RT combined with lenvatinib. Cellular toxicity, apoptosis, DNA damage, EMT/metastasis regulation, and treatment efficacy were validated by colony formation, flow cytometry, Western blotting, and in vivo experiments, respectively. Knockdown of Src by siRNA was also used to validate the role of Src in RT treatment. RESULTS: Silencing Src reduced STAT3/NF-κB signaling and sensitized HCC to radiation. Lenvatinib reversed radiation-elicited Src/STAT3/NF-κB signaling while enhancing the anti-HCC efficacy of radiation. Both lenvatinib and siSrc promoted the radiation effect of cell proliferation on suppression, inhibition of the invasion ability, and induction of apoptosis in HCC. Lenvatinib also alleviated radiation-triggered oncogenic and EMT-related protein expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings uncovered the role of the Src/STAT3/NF-κB regulatory axis in response to radiation-induced toxicity and confirmed Src as the key regulatory molecule for radiosensitization of HCC evoked by lenvatinib.

Allyl Isothiocyanate (AITC) Induces Apoptotic Cell Death In Vitro and Exhibits Anti-Tumor Activity in a Human Glioblastoma GBM8401/luc2 Model.

Some clinically used anti-cancer drugs are obtained from natural products. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a plant-derived compound abundant in cruciferous vegetables, has been shown to possess an anti-cancer ability in human cancer cell lines in vitro, including human brain glioma cells. However, the anti-cancer effects of AITC in human glioblastoma (GBM) cells in vivo have not yet been examined. In the present study, we used GBM8401/luc2 human glioblastoma cells and a GBM8401/luc2-cell-bearing animal model to identify the treatment efficacy of AITC. Here, we confirm that AITC reduced total cell viability and induced cell apoptosis in GBM8401/luc2 cells in vitro. Furthermore, Western blotting also showed that AITC induced apoptotic cell death through decreased the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2, MCL-1 expression, increased the pro-apoptotic protein BAX expression, and promoted the activities of caspase-3, -8, and -9. Therefore, we further investigated the anti-tumor effects of AITC on human GBM8401/luc2 cell xenograft mice. The human glioblastoma GBM8401/luc2 cancer cells were subcutaneously injected into the right flank of BALB/c nude mice to generate glioblastoma xenograft mice. The animals were randomly divided into three groups: group I was treated without AITC (control); group II with 0.1 mg/day of AITC; and group III with 0.2 mg/day of AITC every 3 days for 27 days. Bodyweight, and tumor volume (size) were recorded every 3 days. Tumors exhibiting Luc2 intensity were measured, and we quantified intensity using Living Image software on days 0, 12, and 24. After treatment, tumor weight from each mouse was recorded. Tumor tissues were examined for histopathological changes using H&E staining, and we analyzed the protein levels via immunohistochemical analysis. Our results indicate that AITC significantly inhibited tumor growth at both doses of AITC due to the reduction in tumor size and weight. H&E histopathology analysis of heart, liver, spleen, and kidney samples revealed that AITC did not significantly induce toxicity. Body weight did not show significant changes in any experiment group. AITC significantly downregulated the protein expression levels of MCL-1, XIAP, MMP-9, and VEGF; however, it increased apoptosis-associated proteins, such as cleaved caspase-3, -8, and -9, in the tumor tissues compared with the control group. Based on these observations, AITC exhibits potent anti-cancer activity in the human glioblastoma cell xenograft model via inhibiting tumor cell proliferation and the induction of cell apoptosis. AITC may be a potential anti-GBM cancer drug that could be used in the future.

Iron oxide@chlorophyll clustered nanoparticles eliminate bladder cancer by photodynamic immunotherapy-initiated ferroptosis and immunostimulation.

The escape of bladder cancer from immunosurveillance causes monotherapy to exhibit poor efficacy; therefore, designing a multifunctional nanoparticle that boosts programmed cell death and immunoactivation has potential as a treatment strategy. Herein, we developed a facile one-pot coprecipitation reaction to fabricate cluster-structured nanoparticles (CNPs) assembled from Fe3O4 and iron chlorophyll (Chl/Fe) photosensitizers. This nanoassembled CNP, as a multifunctional theranostic agent, could perform red-NIR fluorescence and change the redox balance by the photoinduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and attenuate iron-mediated lipid peroxidation by the induction of a Fenton-like reaction. The intravesical instillation of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe CNPs modified with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (CPBA) may target the BC wall through glycoproteins in the BC cavity, allowing local killing of cancer cells by photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced singlet oxygen and causing chemodynamic therapy (CDT)-mediated ferroptosis. An interesting possibility is reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment from immunosuppressive to immunostimulatory after PDT-CDT treatment, which was demonstrated by the reduction of PD-L1 (lower "off" signal to the effector immune cells), IDO-1, TGF-ß, and M2-like macrophages and the induction of CD8+ T cells on BC sections. Moreover, the intravesical instillation of Fe3O4@Chl/Fe CNPs may enhance the large-area distribution on the BC wall, improving antitumor efficacy and increasing survival rates from 0 to 91.7%. Our theranostic CNPs not only demonstrated combined PDT-CDT-induced cytotoxicity, ROS production, and ferroptosis to facilitate treatment efficacy but also opened up new horizons for eliminating the immunosuppressive effect by simultaneous PDT-CDT.